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Connect end users to Wi-Fi or VPN with a certificate (DigiCert, NDES, or custom SCEP)

Victor Lyuboslavsky

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Connect end users to Wi-Fi or VPN with a certificate (DigiCert, NDES, or custom SCEP)

Victor Lyuboslavsky

Connect end users to Wi-Fi or VPN with a certificate (DigiCert, NDES, or custom SCEP)

Available in Fleet Premium

Fleet can help your end users connect to Wi-Fi or VPN by deploying certificates from your certificate authority (CA). Fleet currently supports DigiCert, Microsoft NDES, and custom SCEP server.

For information on adding a certificate authority (CA) via GitOps, see the GitOps documentation.

DigiCert

To connect end users to W-Fi or VPN with DigiCert certificates, we'll do the following steps:

Create service user in DigiCert
Create certificate profile in DigiCert
Connect Fleet to DigiCert
Add PKCS #12 configuration profile to Fleet

Step 1: Create service user in DigiCert

Head to DigiCert One
Follow the instructions to create a service user here and save the service user's API token.

Make sure to assign User and certificate manager and Certificate profile manager roles when creating service user.

Step 2: Create certificate profile in DigiCert

In DigiCert Trust Lifcycle Manager, select Policies > Certificate profiles from the main menu. Then select Create profile from template and select Generic Device Certificate from the list.
Add a friendly Profile name (e.g. "Fleet - Wi-Fi authentication").
Select your Business unit and Issuing CA.
Select REST API from Enrollment method. Then select 3rd party app from the Authentication method dropdown and select Next.
Configure the certificate expiration. At most organizations, this is set to 90 days.
In the Subject DN and SAN fields section, make sure to add Common name. Other name (UPN) is optional. For Common name, select REST request from Source for the field's value dropdown and check Required. If you use Other name (UPN), select REST Request and check both Required and Multiple. Organizations usually use device's serial number or user's email, you can use Fleet variables in the next section, and Fleet will replace these variables with the actual values before certificate is delivered to a device.
Click Next and leave all default options. We'll come back to this later.

Step 3: Connect Fleet to DigiCert

In Fleet, head to Settings > Integrations > Certificates.
Select Add CA and then choose DigiCert in the dropdown.
Add a Name for your certificate authority. The best practice is to create a name based on your use case in all caps snake case (ex. "WIFI_AUTHENTICATION"). We'll use this name later as variable name in a configuration profile.
If you're using DigiCert One's cloud offering, keep the default URL. If you're using a self-hosted (on-prem) DigiCert One, update the URL to match the one you use to login to your DigiCert One.
In API token, paste your DigiCert server user's API token (from step 1).
In Profile GUID, paste your DigiCert One certificate profile GUID (from step 2). To get your profile GUID, in DigiCert, head to the Certificate profiles page, open your profile, and copy GUID.
In CN, UPN, and Certificate seat ID, you can use fixed values or one of the Fleet's host variables. Organizations usually use the host's serial number or end user's email to deliver a certificate that's unique to the host.
Select Add CA. Your DigiCert certificate authority (CA) should appear in your list of CAs in Fleet.

Step 4: Add PKCS12 configuration profile to Fleet

Create a configuration profile with a PKCS12 payload. In the profile, for Password, use $FLEET_VAR_DIGICERT_PASSWORD_<CA_NAME>. For Data, use $FLEET_VAR_DIGICERT_DATA_<CA_NAME>.
Replace the <CA_NAME>, with name you created in step 3. For example, if the name of the CA is "WIFI_AUTHENTICATION" the variables will look like this: $FLEET_VAR_DIGICERT_PASSWORD_WIFI_AUTHENTICATION and $FLEET_VAR_DIGICERT_DATA_WIFI_AUTHENTICATION.
In Fleet, head to Controls > OS settings > Custom settings and add the configuration profile to deploy certificates to your hosts.

When Fleet delivers the profile to your hosts, Fleet will replace the variables. If something goes wrong, errors will appear on each host's Host details > OS settings.

If you resend the profile (select Resend in Host details > OS settings), Fleet will get a new certificate and create a new seat in DigiCert, which will take 1 license. If you want to revoke a license, in DigiCert, head to Trust Lifcycle Manager > Account > Seats and remove the seat.

Example configuration profile

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
    <dict>
        <key>PayloadContent</key>
        <array>
            <dict>
                <key>Password</key>
                <string>$FLEET_VAR_DIGICERT_PASSWORD_CA_NAME</string>
                <key>PayloadContent</key>
                <data>$FLEET_VAR_DIGICERT_DATA_CA_NAME</data>
                <key>PayloadDisplayName</key>
                <string>CertificatePKCS12</string>
                <key>PayloadIdentifier</key>
                <string>com.fleetdm.pkcs12</string>
                <key>PayloadType</key>
                <string>com.apple.security.pkcs12</string>
                <key>PayloadUUID</key>
                <string>ee86cfcb-2409-42c2-9394-1f8113412e04</string>
                <key>PayloadVersion</key>
                <integer>1</integer>
            </dict>
        </array>
        <key>PayloadDisplayName</key>
        <string>DigiCert profile</string>
        <key>PayloadIdentifier</key>
        <string>TopPayloadIdentifier</string>
        <key>PayloadType</key>
        <string>Configuration</string>
        <key>PayloadUUID</key>
        <string>TopPayloadUUID</string>
        <key>PayloadVersion</key>
        <integer>1</integer>
    </dict>
</plist>

Microsoft NDES

To connect end users to W-Fi or VPN with Microsoft NDES certificates, we'll do the following steps:

Connect Fleet to NDES
Add SCEP configuration profile to Fleet

Step 1: Connect Fleet to NDES

In Fleet, head to **Settings > Integrations > Certificates.
Select the Add CA button and select Microsoft NDES in the dropdown.
Add your SCEP URL, Admin URL, and Username and Password.
Select Add CA. Your NDES certificate authority (CA) should appear in the list in Fleet. The example paths end with /certsrv/mscep/mscep.dll and /certsrv/mscep_admin/ respectively. These path suffixes are the default paths for NDES on Windows Server 2022 and should only be changed if you have customized the paths on your server.

When saving the configuration, Fleet will attempt to connect to the SCEP server to verify the connection, including retrieving a one-time challenge password. This validation also occurs when adding a new SCEP configuration or updating an existing one via API and GitOps, including dry runs. Please ensure the NDES password cache size is large enough to accommodate this validation.

Step 2: Add SCEP configuration profile to Fleet

Create a configuration profile with the SCEP payload. In the profile, for Challenge, use$FLEET_VAR_NDES_SCEP_CHALLENGE. For URL, use $FLEET_VAR_NDES_SCEP_PROXY_URL.
If your Wi-Fi or VPN requires certificates that are unique to each host, update the Subject. You can use $FLEET_VAR_HOST_END_USER_EMAIL_IDP if your hosts automatically enrolled (via ADE) to Fleet with end user authentication enabled (learn more here). You can also use any of the Apple's built-in variables.
In Fleet, head to Controls > OS settings > Custom settings and add the configuration profile to deploy certificates to your hosts.

When Fleet delivers the profile to your hosts, Fleet will replace the variables. If something goes wrong, errors will appear on each host's Host details > OS settings.

Example configuration profile

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
    <key>PayloadContent</key>
    <array>
       <dict>
          <key>PayloadContent</key>
          <dict>
             <key>Challenge</key>
             <string>$FLEET_VAR_NDES_SCEP_CHALLENGE</string>
             <key>Key Type</key>
             <string>RSA</string>
             <key>Key Usage</key>
             <integer>5</integer>
             <key>Keysize</key>
             <integer>2048</integer>
             <key>Subject</key>
                    <array>
                        <array>
                          <array>
                            <string>CN</string>
                            <string>%SerialNumber% WIFI $FLEET_VAR_HOST_END_USER_EMAIL_IDP</string>
                          </array>
                        </array>
                        <array>
                          <array>
                            <string>OU</string>
                            <string>FLEET DEVICE MANAGEMENT</string>
                          </array>
                        </array>
                    </array>
             <key>URL</key>
             <string>$FLEET_VAR_NDES_SCEP_PROXY_URL</string>
          </dict>
          <key>PayloadDisplayName</key>
          <string>WIFI SCEP</string>
          <key>PayloadIdentifier</key>
          <string>com.apple.security.scep.9DCC35A5-72F9-42B7-9A98-7AD9A9CCA3AC</string>
          <key>PayloadType</key>
          <string>com.apple.security.scep</string>
          <key>PayloadUUID</key>
          <string>9DCC35A5-72F9-42B7-9A98-7AD9A9CCA3AC</string>
          <key>PayloadVersion</key>
          <integer>1</integer>
       </dict>
    </array>
    <key>PayloadDisplayName</key>
    <string>SCEP proxy cert</string>
    <key>PayloadIdentifier</key>
    <string>Fleet.WiFi</string>
    <key>PayloadType</key>
    <string>Configuration</string>
    <key>PayloadUUID</key>
    <string>4CD1BD65-1D2C-4E9E-9E18-9BCD400CDEDC</string>
    <key>PayloadVersion</key>
    <integer>1</integer>
</dict>
</plist>

Custom SCEP server

To connect end users to W-Fi or VPN with a custom SCEP server, we'll do the following steps:

Connect Fleet to custom SCEP server
Add SCEP configuration profile to Fleet

Step 1: Connect Fleet to custom SCEP server

In Fleet, head to **Settings > Integrations > Certificates.
Select the Add CA button and select Custom in the dropdown.
Add a Name for your certificate authority. The best practice is to create a name based on your use case in all caps snake case (ex. "WIFI_AUTHENTICATION"). We'll use this name later as variable name in a configuration profile.
Add your SCEP URL and Challenge.
Select Add CA. Your custom SCEP certificate authority (CA) should appear in the list in Fleet.

Step 2: Add SCEP configuration profile to Fleet

Create a configuration profile with the SCEP payload. In the profile, for Challenge, use$FLEET_VAR_CUSTOM_SCEP_CHALLENGE_<CA_NAME>. For, URL, use $FLEET_VAR_CUSTOM_SCEP_PROXY_URL_<CA_NAME>.
Replace the <CA_NAME>, with name you created in step 3. For example, if the name of the CA is "WIFI_AUTHENTICATION" the variables will look like this: $FLEET_VAR_CUSTOM_SCEP_PASSWORD_WIFI_AUTHENTICATION and FLEET_VAR_CUSTOM_SCEP_DIGICERT_DATA_WIFI_AUTHENTICATION.
If your Wi-Fi or VPN requires certificates that are unique to each host, update the Subject. You can use $FLEET_VAR_HOST_END_USER_EMAIL_IDP if your hosts automatically enrolled (via ADE) to Fleet with end user authentication enabled (learn more here). You can also use any of the Apple's built-in variables.
In Fleet, head to Controls > OS settings > Custom settings and add the configuration profile to deploy certificates to your hosts.

When Fleet delivers the profile to your hosts, Fleet will replace the variables. If something goes wrong, errors will appear on each host's Host details > OS settings.

Example configuration profile

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
    <key>PayloadContent</key>
    <array>
       <dict>
          <key>PayloadContent</key>
          <dict>
             <key>Challenge</key>
             <string>$FLEET_VAR_CUSTOM_SCEP_CHALLENGE_CA_NAME</string>
             <key>Key Type</key>
             <string>RSA</string>
             <key>Key Usage</key>
             <integer>5</integer>
             <key>Keysize</key>
             <integer>2048</integer>
             <key>Subject</key>
                    <array>
                        <array>
                          <array>
                            <string>CN</string>
                            <string>%SerialNumber% WIFI $FLEET_VAR_HOST_END_USER_EMAIL_IDP</string>
                          </array>
                        </array>
                        <array>
                          <array>
                            <string>OU</string>
                            <string>FLEET DEVICE MANAGEMENT</string>
                          </array>
                        </array>
                    </array>
             <key>URL</key>
             <string>$FLEET_VAR_CUSTOM_SCEP_PROXY_URL_CA_NAME</string>
          </dict>
          <key>PayloadDisplayName</key>
          <string>WIFI SCEP</string>
          <key>PayloadIdentifier</key>
          <string>com.apple.security.scep.9DCC35A5-72F9-42B7-9A98-7AD9A9CCA3AC</string>
          <key>PayloadType</key>
          <string>com.apple.security.scep</string>
          <key>PayloadUUID</key>
          <string>9DCC35A5-72F9-42B7-9A98-7AD9A9CCA3AC</string>
          <key>PayloadVersion</key>
          <integer>1</integer>
       </dict>
    </array>
    <key>PayloadDisplayName</key>
    <string>SCEP proxy cert</string>
    <key>PayloadIdentifier</key>
    <string>Fleet.WiFi</string>
    <key>PayloadType</key>
    <string>Configuration</string>
    <key>PayloadUUID</key>
    <string>4CD1BD65-1D2C-4E9E-9E18-9BCD400CDEDC</string>
    <key>PayloadVersion</key>
    <integer>1</integer>
</dict>
</plist>

How the SCEP proxy works

Fleet acts as a middleman between the host and the NDES or custom SCEP server. When a host requests a certificate from Fleet, Fleet requests a certificate from the NDES or custom SCEP server, retrieves the certificate, and sends it back to the host.

In addition, Fleet does the following: SCEP proxy:

Retrieves the one-time challenge password from NDES. The NDES admin password is encrypted in Fleet's database by the server private key. It cannot be retrieved via the API or the web interface. Retrieving passwords for many hosts at once may cause a bottleneck. To avoid long wait times, we recommend a gradual rollout of SCEP profiles.
- Restarting NDES will clear the password cache and may cause outstanding SCEP profiles to fail.
Resends the configuration profile to the host if the one-time challenge password has expired.
- If the host has been offline and the one-time challenge password is more than 60 minutes old, Fleet assumes the password has expired and will resend the profile to the host with a new one-time challenge password.

Certificates will appear in the System Keychain on macOS. During the profile installation, the OS generates several temporary certificates needed for the SCEP protocol. These certificates may be briefly visible in the Keychain Access app on macOS. The CA certificate must also be installed and marked as trusted on the device for the issued certificate to appear as trusted. The IT admin can send the CA certificate in a separate CertificateRoot profile

Assumptions and limitations

NDES SCEP proxy is currently supported for macOS devices via Apple config profiles. Support for DDM (Declarative Device Management) is coming soon, as is support for iOS, iPadOS, Windows, and Linux.
Certificate renewal is coming soon.
Fleet server assumes a one-time challenge password expiration time of 60 minutes.